Essay about Principle of Fairness in Political Obligations

Political Science-II Political Obligations and Issues of Fair Play: A Critical Analysis Submitted By: Abhishek Choudhary (2034) Table of Contents Introduction Modern theories in the pursuit of explaining the provenance of political obligations tend to display a warranted skepticism of traditional consent theories. Twentieth century political philosophers expended much of their energy in drawing attention to the utter absurdity of such theories by attacking the idea that citizens in nation-states undertake obligations as a result of deliberate consensual acts, a premise not very hard to disprove. This lack of coherence provided by traditional theories on political obligations have compelled theorists†¦show more content†¦SOURCES OF DATA The paper has used primary sources such as original versions of treatises by political thinkers, as well as secondary sources like articles and books written as explanations of original theories. NATURE OF PROJECT The author has utilized both descriptive and analytical instruments in the course of the paper. The examination of normative theories occurs in a descriptive fashion at the beginning of each chapter, but the author endorses these with analysis thereafter. MODE OF CITATION The NLS Guide to Uniform Legal Citation has been followed. HLA Hart AND the Genesis of the principle of fair play â€Å" Although earlier Greek and Latin philosophers, in the tradition of Socrates, appealed to something resembling the principle of fair play, the classic formulation of the principle is the one H. L. A. Hart gave it in his seminal paper â€Å"Are There Any Natural Rights?†.3†He formulated the concept thus: â€Å"A third important source of special rights and obligations which we recognize in many spheres of life is what may be termed mutuality of restrictions, and I think political obligation is intelligible only if we see what precisely this is and how it differs from the other right-creating transactions (consent, promising) to which philosophers have assimilated it.† In another section, Hart goes on to explain the specialShow MoreRelatedIssues with the Stakeholders Theory885 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the stakeholders and non-stakeholders. For example, any group who might be involved in affecting the company’s achievements might be considered as a stakeholder according to the theory. But stakeholders should be a group of people with moral obligations towards the corporations and also the holder of the stakes. 3. The problem of adjudicating between stakeholders: In the theory of stakeholders, Freeman did not mention any solutions about the problem of adjudicating between the stakeholders. AllRead MoreJohn Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals in a state of nature, and create a society by establishing a contract whereby they agree to live together in harmony for their mutual benefit, after which they are said to live in a state of society, including concepts such as equality, fairness and equal distribution. During the Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries, was when philosophers contributed to the social contract theory, as this was a time marked within history to be a time when intellectuals first began to explore establishedRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Social Justice1507 Words   |  7 Pages Equality, fairness, and equal distribution are concepts that are embedded in social justice. Individuals living in harmony for mutual benefit living in a state of society are set out by social contract. This paper will firstly show, the background of the philosophy of social justice. Then it will focus on John Rawls Theory of Justice. Secondly, It addresses the stages of the Theory of Justice, It then historical nature of social justice in conjunction with western philosophy. Lastly it will lookRead MoreRole of Integrity in Dworkins Philosophy of Law1352 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduced by Dworkin’s philosophy of law which will allow me to analyse how integrity might help judges when faced with a hard case. However, not everyone believes that the principle of integrity does in fact help judges when faced with hard cases therefore I also aim to analyse Hart’s rule of recognition against Dworkin’s principle of integrity. Law of integrity: Dworkin who was a positivist, developed his theory by attacking other theories and then identified how his theory does not fall prey to theRead MorePolitical Philosophy Is The Issue Of Political Obligation1834 Words   |  8 PagesOne of the central issues in political philosophy is the issue of political obligation. This concerns the presence, the nature and especially the foundation of a particular relationship between government and its citizens. Philosophical Anarchism challenges this relationship. In this endeavor it differs from the position of Political Anarchism, which has as its main goal not only the moral devaluation but also the decline of the state. Conversely, the main method of philosophical anarchism is theRead MoreThe Law Of Obligation Is A Private Law1672 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Throughout history, the law of obligation has held such prodigious value in the face of private law. Being the heart of both Contract and Tort law, it is a pervasive phenomenon of our social life. Both Tort and Contract law protect the rights, and ‘that protection cannot be legitimately compromised to achieve the aim of just distributing’ . This proposition may be true in the late 19th century, in the present time, however, the law of obligation has been ‘built on the law of its predecessorsRead MoreThe Function of a Social Contract1676 Words   |  7 Pageswere the contract of citizenship and the contract of community. The contract of citizenship was tackled in Crito. He regarded it as a contract made by each individual citizen with the state or law. If a man is to remain in a political society he will have to accept its obligations for he has enjoyed it privileges and benefits. The contract of community was covered in Republic Book II. This theory is based on the assumption the man is an egoist. With this assumption of  ¡Ã‚ ¥every man for himself ¡Ã‚ ¦ it isRead MoreEssay on What is the Function of a Social Contract?1637 Words   |  7 Pageswere the contract of citizenship and the contract of community. The contract of citizenship was tackled in Crito. He regarded it as a contract made by each individual citizen with the state or law. If a man is to remain in a political society he will have to accept its obligations for he has enjoyed it privileges and benefits. The contract of community was covered in Republic Book II. This theory is based on the assumption the man is an egoist. With this assumption of  ¡Ã‚ ¥every man for himself ¡Ã‚ ¦ it isRead MoreAnalysis Of John Stuart Mill s Veil Of Ignorance And The Classic Social Contract Theory Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pages attempts to enhance the classic utilitarian views of John Stuart Mill, as well as the classic social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Secondly, this evaluation posits how Rawls’ â€Å"veil of ignorance† and â€Å"difference principle† might apply to the socioeconomic issue of access (or, lack thereof) to health care in the United States. Specifically, this section relates these components to the United States Affordable Care Act (ACA), otherwise known as â€Å"Obamacare†. FinallyRead MoreRelation between Politics and Justice1318 Words   |  5 Pages‘justice’ and ‘politics’. In such a context, what are we referring to? Justice paradoxically must be defined for the purposes of criminal law yet it cannot be defined due to its complexity, rather it may be understood in several different realms; as fairness, as responsibility and as good. Justice aims to work in maintaining the exercise of authority through the vindication of reward or punishment. Politics refers to the public life, it is being ‘of citizens of the state’ or ‘being involved, employed

Native Americans Essays - 603 Words

In the early days of English settlement in the American colonies, the Indian-European relationship of each area was the determining factor in the survival of the newly established colonies. By working together and exchanging methods of food production and survival, an English colony could maintain its population and continue to support the arrival of new settlers. However, a colony that had trouble maintaining ties with their Indian neighbors had a tough time attracting settlers and adapting to their environment. The role of the Indian helping the white man in North America played an important part in the survival of the American colonies. In the Jamestown colony, very few people survived the disease and sickness which accompanied the†¦show more content†¦In 1620, many Pilgrims died in a very tough winter, but the colony survived because of the help provided by local Indian groups. Not only did the Indians help, but the two groups were able to set up trade and exchange metho ds and supplies. This continued when the Puritans arrived in the late 1620’s, but things changed soon after. Again, English disease wiped out the local Indian tribes and allowed for the continued expansion deeper into the New England woodlands. Because of the influence and help of the early Indian groups in this area, the English gained critical knowledge and support to establish a successful colony. Other areas of New England soon developed problems with Indians. The English settlers of the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians were involved in a bloody battle, as well as the King Phillips War in Massachusetts and Rhode Island in the 1670’s. As the 1600’s progressed, Indians were able to gain technological experience with the higher power European weapons and resulted in tougher battles for the English. However, other areas remained in good standing with their locals, such as in Maryland. In the 1630’s, two groups of settlers arrived and set up a set tlement on the Potomac River. They established good relations with the Indians, and as a result, â€Å"†¦experienced no Indian assaults, no plagues, no starving time.† (Brinkley 36). The assistance of Indian groups was essential to the survival of the colonies. The only way to attain the assistance ofShow MoreRelatedNative American And Native Americans1137 Words   |  5 PagesNative American Displacement Long ago on the great plains, the buffalo roamed and the Native Americans lived amongst each other. They were able to move freely across the lands until the white men came and concentrated them into certain areas. Today there are more than five-hundred different tribes with different beliefs and history. Native Americans still face problems about the horrific history they went through and today s discrimination. The removal of American Indian tribes is one of theRead MoreNative American And Native Americans1221 Words   |  5 Pages1607, the Native Americans have been treated poorly by the Europeans. The settlers came and stripped the Natives of their land by wars that the Natives were not equipped to fight. Native Americans were forced to move towards the west into uncharted territory and many died on the journey. The American government later made many promises to the Native Americans that were unkept, which had a very troubling effect on their communities. The promises the Unite d States government made to the Native AmericansRead MoreNative American And Native Americans871 Words   |  4 Pages Native Americans have been forced out of their culture over time, forced into assimilation, lost their rights, and have lost their land due to policies and laws by the whites that can’t bear the Native American way of life. There used to be many Native American tribes all throughout North America, and now these tribes are spread across the country and are blended into the rest of the population. The native ways have changed drastically in the last two centuries due to relocation programs, IndianRead MoreNative American And Native Americans1187 Words   |  5 Pagesmany Native American had already been there and the government were building railroads and roads. People rushed to settle in the west to mine for gold. Cities and town along with railroad and roads building at a rapid pace changed the habits of the buffalo. Buffalo were an important symbol in the Native Americans live they used buffalo as their main food source and they use the skin to make clothes and teepee covering , bones for silverware and hunting tools like arrow. The Native Americans makeRead MoreNative American And Native Americans1292 Words   |  6 PagesStates, Native Americans are considered to be people whose pre-Columbian ancestors were indigenous to the lands within the nation s modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of numerous distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups, and many of these groups survive intact today as sovereign nations. The terms Native Americans use to refer to themselves vary regionally and generationally, with many older Native Americans self-identifying as Indians or American Indians, while younger Native AmericansRead MoreNative American And Native Americans1156 Words   |  5 Pageswith the Native Americans. The whites had different ideas that they wanted to contribute to the country, and the Native Americans wanted to stay lo yal to their cultural traditions. The early people of the United States gradually gained control of the country. This lead to Native Americans being methodically pushed off their land, deceived multiply through a broken treaty, and most of all, not being completely recognized as citizens by the rest of American society. Some of these Native American groupsRead MoreNative American And Native Americans2248 Words   |  9 PagesThe Native Americans, their origin and similarities with Native Finns Native Americans, the first settlers of the Americas arrived to the continent about 15 000 years ago. Crossing a land bridge between Asia and America during the ice age. It was not just one group that spread across the continent, but small groups of migrants for a long time period. The land bridge which the migrants used to cross between the continents does not exist today, but is instead known as the Bering Strait. All of theRead MoreNative American And Native Americans2251 Words   |  10 Pageshistorical evidence, the notion: â€Å"Native –Americans were not the first inhabitant of America is a complete false. For centuries, history kept accurate and vivid account of the first set of people who domiciled the western hemisphere. Judging by that record and evidence, below are the first set of Native-American people who inhabited the western hemisphere, including the new â€Å"America† before the arrival of another human race†¦ The Iroquois: The Iroquois of Nati ve Americans were one of the tribes that livedRead MoreNative American And Native Americans1803 Words   |  8 PagesAmericans have long been fascinated with the imagery and lore of Native Americans. From early historians to Mark Twain to Hollywood, Native Americans have been viewed as savages, aggressors, monotonal in voice, and drunks. Native Americans have had a strong influence on America’s birthplace including environmental issues to the diet and foods we eat. It was not until the arrival of the European settlers that Native Americans faced the deterioration of their civilization and culture. Events ofRead MoreNative American And Native Americans2322 Words   |  10 Pagesago, Native Americans roamed North America. That was until the arrival of the whites lead by Columbus in 1492. The white Americans then began to take as much land as possible, contradict with the native’s customs and tried to take complete control of their lives. Native Americans didn’t believe in owning land- they believed that all of the land was everyone’s to share. So when the white Americans find out none of the land is owned, they take control of the land, and slowly push the Natives out as

Gambling in Singapore Past and Present

Question: Describe about the Gambling in Singapore for Past and Present. Answer: The essay is going to present itself as a fruitful discussion on the crucial topic of Gambling industry of Singapore in both the pre-colonial and post-colonial context. The goal of this discourse is therefore to identify and thereafter evaluate the impact of this particular activity on social and economic aspects of Singapore. The concept of such a misanthropic facet in the Singaporean background appeared through the addiction of the citizens of this particular territory of South east Asia. In the form of adverse consequence of this unconventional habit, the society specifically the impoverished one declined to a more vulgar category and established a community that became detrimental for the youth section of the domain.[1] In the contrary, the whole concept of Gambling is considered to foster the economic growth of Singapore. Hence, the discussion investigates whether Gambling in Singapore should be blamed or cherished in terms of economic advances. The gambling disorder or addiction among the Singaporean inhabitants has been provoked through the greed for money of the coloniser William Farquhar for whom gambling appeared to be the fruitful opportunity to maximise the revenue margin. The sudden procurement of easy access for licences for gambling activities have been the result of the particular misdeed done by William Farquhar, who have been left by Coloniser Raffles to take care of the Singaporean colony.[2] However, it is fortunate that the easy access for gambling licenses ceased with the return of Raffles with the optimization of the legal regulation of for forbidding all the gambling activities and cockpits and for the suppression of the gaming activities in the nation. However, the unavoidable addiction of gambling and gaming for money has been stimulated by the consumption of opium in a huge amount, which only has resulted in poverty, and penniless death of the working class of the society. However, instead of having a legal framework for prohibiting the gambling activity by Raffles started to lose its power from the 19th century as it has been found lately that most of the gambling parliaments are still running successfully. Nevertheless, the giant head money lenders and several secret societies have led the situation. It is however understandable that Gambling flourished all over Singapore and set its foot in the pre-colonial era though it has found its international success only in the postcolonial forefront. Nevertheless, it should be marked that the whole story of Gambling has been the started with the inauguration of sporting club by Henry Macleod Read in the year 1819. It is considered the first sporting club that introduced horseracing activity with a prize money of $150. On the contrary, to this, gambling or the whole concept of playing for money became accessible for the general crowd of Singapore in the year 1960. However, the official opening of gambling fo r the Singaporeans had been inaugurated by the reconstruction of the horseracing club that has been named as a turf club with a broader premise to play.[3] It is a fact worth astonishing that in the pre-colonised zone of gambling, the occurrence of the public opening for playing for money has been a successful venture as initially it captured a huge number of audiences from the society. For example, the turf club used to have more than 50,000 audiences in its grandstands in the weekends on regular basis. Most significant to mark is that the smooth persuasion of Gambling has been fuelled up during the Second World War through the hands of the Japanese. The Japanese occupation introduced the lottery scheme called Konan Saiken, which gained immense response from the crowd of Singapore and acquired a bulky amount of revenue in the year 1942, as each ticket for a price of $50,000 has been only $1.[4] Nonetheless, the in the years during the post war period, the social portrait of gambling found itself surrounded with the elite class of Singapore and specifically the British colonial individuals.[5] However, the Gambling world of Singapore has not only been the enriched with the British upper class as the main the illegal mode of gambling started to boom through the support of the underworld trials. Nevertheless, the illegal activity in terms of Gambling is found to have a terrible turns of event as the activity has been recognized to be inevitably associated with asocial and objectionable business of prostitution and trade of drugs. Singapore constitutes a multi ethnic population that has fostered the boom of gambling in the nation. However, considering the increasing rate of gambling and other associated activities, the Pools Private Limited of Singapore has been organized to handle growing issues in illegal gambling. The private limited became the only official and legal operat or and proprietor o f lottery in Singapore. The company brought in a comparatively new horizon for the social picture of gambling as the launch of Toto a kind of lottery game by the company gained wide success. [6] The postcolonial ground for gambling became stronger with this private limited company with their venture with The Singapore Sweep in the year 1969. The company specifically selected the small booths to be the distribution channel for the tickets, which used to cost no more than $1 for each.[7] The gambling activity associated with lotteries continued its success through further business ventures of betting games like 4D, which has proved successful in both Singapore and Malaysia. Nonetheless, the success of lottery game started to minimise with the rise of legal activity of football rating. The occurrence of such event is again brought by the endeavour made by Singapore Pool who supported and participated actively to establish the local football league. The initial purpose has been to stop the growing illegal activities of football betting that have been continuing from the 19th century. However, a fact can be argued that whether these whole activities of formulating various legalis ed gambling alternatives have been proving applicable to stabilise the economic background of Singapore or silently decreasing the moral and sociable values of the society. It is probably unfortunate for the economic aspect of Singapore that the whole aspect of gaming or in other words gambling is gradually losing its place. On the other hand, Casinos or the gambling parlours used to be considered as the economic lifeline of Singapore. It is because Singapores first casino which was inaugurated in the year 2010 has appeared to be Asias one of the leading gambling capital and it worth almost $3.57 dollar.[8] The reason to call gambling to be an economy booster for Singapore is that it became a central facet of attraction for the international tourist. The prolonged activity and platform of gambling has helped to form a diversified socio-cultural background along with a diverse economy. It can be argued that Singapores anticipation to emerge as the best holiday destination for gambling is may be futile as the gambling revenue is found to be felling on a rapid manner over past few years.[9] It seems to be true, as the gaming has decreased by 16% from last year. Additionally, levies restriction is another constraint that is holding the Casino owners back from helping locals to make up the sudden shortfall.[10] In this context, it is important to note that government made legislative regulations have always served to restrict the particular activities of gaming for money. The idea of restoring gambling which was supposedly banned in the year 1829 has never been considered until Orfeur Cavenagh the governor of that time regarded gambling to be a legal activity in the year 1861.[11] It is because the government found immense shortage of female inhabitant, which was being an issue to raise funds for incentive schemes for Chinese immigrants. Therefore, here it is understandable that Gambling has been granted as an essential tool for the social and economic boom in Singapore. In the present context, the aspect is again proving to be a fruitful platform for financial growth according to the success of Singapore Pools which has revealed that they obtains around $4 billion dollar every year in form of turnover. [12] The entire discussion brings out two contradictory views as one side upholds that gambling is playing as an economy booster for Singapore whereas the other one depicts that gambling is leading to a degenerated society. As per the discussion, gambling in the soil of Singapore had been imported in the pre-war context and flourished in a wide range during and after British colonization. However, the assignment indicates that considering the positive sides of gambling which is to increase the economic growth Singapore possesses one legalised giant head named Singapore Pools association that controls and optimizes all the gambling oriented activities. Nevertheless, as per the illustration above, government of Singapore has always tried to restrict the illegal activity of gambling which has also become a tourist attraction in Singapore. References "Newspaper Article - STRICTER LAW TO SUPPRESS GAMING". 2016.Eresources.Nlb.Gov.Sg. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19390527-1.2.81.aspx. "The Big Read: Once A Money Spinner, Can SingaporeS Casinos Beat The Odds?". 2016.Todayonline. https://www.todayonline.com/business/once-money-spinner-can-singapores-casinos-beat-odds. Chan, Chi Chuen, William Wai Lim Li, and Eugene Chung Ip Leung. "The History of Gambling in Hong Kong and Macao." InProblem Gambling in Hong Kong and Macao, pp. 1-36. Springer Singapore, 2016. Goh, Esther CL, Vincent Ng, and Brenda SA Yeoh. "The family exclusion order as a harm-minimisation measure for casino gambling: the case of Singapore."International Gambling Studies(2016): 1-18. Hodgins, David C., and Nancy M. Petry. "The world of gambling: the National Gambling Experiences series."Addiction111, no. 9 (2016): 1516-1518. Hodgins, David C., and Nancy M. Petry. "The world of gambling: the National Gambling Experiences series."Addiction111, no. 9 (2016): 1516-1518. Loh, Kah Seng. "Mental Illness in Singapore: A History of a Colony, Port City, and Coolie Town."East Asian Science, Technology and Society10, no. 2 (2016): 121-140. Mathews, Mathew, and Rachel Volberg. "Impact of problem gambling on financial, emotional and social well-being of Singaporean families."International Gambling Studies13, no. 1 (2013): 127-140. Schwartz, David G. "Roll the bones: The history of gambling." (2013): 1. Wee, Lionel. "Neoliberalism and the regulation of consumers: legalizing casinos in Singapore."Critical Discourse Studies9, no. 1 (2012): 15-27. Winslow, Munidasa, Christopher Cheok, and Mythily Subramaniam. "Gambling in Singapore: An overview of history, research, treatment and policy."Addiction110, no. 9 (2015): 1383-1387. Wu, Shou-Tsung, and Yeong-Shyang Chen. "The social, economic, and environmental impacts of casino gambling on the residents of Macau and Singapore."Tourism Management48 (2015): 285-298.

The Instructor Said free essay sample

The Instructor said, Go home and write, a page tonight, and let that page come out of you, Then it will be true. Langston Hughes The world is in a state of racial confusion. Being Black is hard being part White even harder. You may say that you understand and think that you do but you cant. My history defines who I am my joy, my pain, my fears, my sacrifices, my triumphs ME. And we dont share the same history. Being Black I have to overcome many things: all the hate all the hurt the present. Free your mind they say end the hate. But how? when it is sometimes a part of who I have become my only defense against the distress of not being accepted for I am But Why? when our society thrives on ignorance and supports the construction of the walls that separate us. We will write a custom essay sample on The Instructor Said or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because Hate destroys the ones who hate and we must all survive. Being a teenager is hard. I try to figure out who I am and Who I want to be. Its like looking in the mirror one day and not recognizing The person I see. it is not easy to know what is true for you and me. Because I am still trying to figure out what the Truth really is. Sometimes you may not agree with what I say, Who I am or what I think sometimes I care. But arent we all striving for the same goal? To just be who we are whoever that may be. And do what we want whatever that is. Who knows? Maybe on our journey through life (together) we will discover what it really means to be you and me.